Thursday, May 7, 2015

Teaching Astronomy for Adult Education - Astronomy 101: Sun, Planets, and More!

   A. Welcome / Names / Course Outline / Plan for Night Observing
   B. Disclaimers
      1. My interest, equipment, study
      2. What I do not know – no science degree, limitations of my equipment (not Hubble!)
      3. My estimations/sources, lots of numbers and pictures, few formulae
      4. I will focus on what, where, compare/contrast, viewing – less on cosmology, how, why.
      5. My faith
         i. Scripture references; no offense: science always has non-Biblical or Biblical foundations
         ii. Genesis 1: In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth…Then God made two
         great lights: the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night. He made
         the stars also.
         iii. Psalm 8: When I consider Your heavens, the work of Your fingers, the moon and the
         stars, which You have ordained, what is man that You are mindful of him, and the son of
         man that You visit him? (This passage greatly inspired my interest in astronomy!)
   C. Our Solar System in the Spring; Beyond Our Solar System in the Fall!
   D. Ask anything…I’ll try! What are your experiences, interests, and goals here?

II. Home Sweet Home – Earth
   A. Measurements/Other: images
      1. Diameter 8000 miles; circumference 25,000 miles; mass = 6.0 x 10^21 metric tons
      2. Sun is 93 million miles, or 1 AU, or 8 light minutes; Moon is 250,000 miles
      3. Rotation 1000 mph rotation at equator, 700 mph at 45 degrees north; slight bulge
      4. 23-degree axis tilt (seasons); elliptical orbit, at 65,000+ mph
   B. Moon: images
      1. Diameter 2000 miles, 1/80 mass Earth, other moons are < 1/1000 mass of their planets
      2. No atmosphere, no plate tectonics, no wind: the flag and footprints stay unless impacted!
      3. Rotation = orbit; eclipses; no humans since 1970s
      4. Viewing (note the downsides of a full or nearly full moon)

III. Inner Planets
   A. Mercury: images
      1. ~Moon in size and appearance; 5% mass of Earth
      2. 58-day rotation; 88-day orbit; 30-40 million miles from the Sun (very elliptical)
      3. Night -300 F; day 800 F; 0 moons
      4. Viewing
   B. Venus: images
      1. ~Earth in size and mass; Evening/Morning Star
      2. Atmosphere 96% CO2; 100x more pressure than Earth; 900 F
      3. 243-day rotation; 117-day orbit; 0 moons
      4. Viewing
   C. Mars: images
      1. Diameter 4000 miles; 10% mass of Earth; ~Earth in landscape; Martian Rovers
      2. -150 F to 50 F; 24.5-hour rotation; 687-day orbit
      3. Grand Canyon 3000 miles long; Olympus Mons 16 miles high; 2 small moons
      4. Viewing (never appears as big as our Moon!)

IV. Outer Planets
   A. Jupiter: images
      1. Diameter 11x Earth, 10% of the Sun; 300x mass of Earth (> all planets); 3-degree axis tilt
      2. 10-hour rotation (big bulge); 12-year orbit; 5.2 AU from the Sun; -230 F; rings
      3. 50+ moons; Ganymede (biggest in Solar System), Callisto, Io, Europa (< Moon)
      4. Viewing (Galilean moons, cloud belts)
   B. Saturn: PowerPoint Slide Show
   C. Uranus: images
      1. Diameter 4x Earth; 14x mass of Earth; 98-degree axis tilt; -350 F
      2. 17-hour rotation; 84-year orbit; 19 AU from the Sun
      3. 27 moons; methane absorbs red light from the Sun; rings
      4. Viewing; discovered by William Herschel in 1781
   D. Neptune: images
      1. Diameter 3.8x Earth; 17x mass of Earth; 1300 mph winds; -350 F
      2. 16-hour rotation; 165-year orbit, at 12,000 mph; rings
      3. 13 moons, Triton's orbit is opposite to that of the other 12 moons; 0-2 Great Dark Spots
      4. Viewing; discovered by two English and French astronomers in 1846
   E. Pluto: images
      1. Planet? (doesn’t “clear” its orbit); New Horizons in July; 5 moons; Charon and its eclipses
      2. Diameter 1600 miles; .2% mass of Earth; 120-degree axis tilt; 30-50 AU from the Sun
      3. 6-day rotation; 248-year orbit; -370 F; 100 lbs on Earth weighs 7 lbs on Pluto
      4. Viewing; discovered by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930

V. Sun: images
   A. Diameter 110x Earth; 330,000x mass of Earth (99.8% of Solar System); 1.3 million x
   volume of Earth; 28x gravity of Earth; Surface 10,000 F; Core 27 million F
   B. 92% H, 8% He – 27-day rotation at equator, 36-day rotation at poles; 1 light year ~ 6 trillion
   miles; 26,000 light years from Milky Way center; 230 million year-orbit, at 500,000 mph
   C. Burns 600 million tons of H into He every second, producing the energy of 100 billion
   nuclear bombs per second, or one nuclear bomb per aspirin tablet size of solar mass per second
   D. Viewing; solar cycle on average 11 years: sunspots, solar flares, solar prominences, aurora

VI. Other
   A. Solar System scale (Bode’s Law: each planet is ~2x farther; Jupiter is 3.5x beyond Mars)
      Sun                              Basketball                               Center (SGHS)
      Mercury                       Pinhead                                   36 feet
      Venus                          Small Pebble                           Pitcher to home plate
      Earth                           Small Pebble                           1st base to 2nd base
      Moon                           Pinhead                                   3” from Earth
      Mars                            Pinhead                                   .5 football field
      Jupiter                         Golf Ball                                  1.5 football fields
      Saturn                          < Golf Ball/Rings: > GB          3 football fields
      Uranus                         Shooter Marble                       Town Pump
      Neptune                       Shooter Marble                       The Grand
      Pluto                            Small Pinhead                         BT Meats/Conoco
      Nearest Star                Basketball                                England
   B. Viewing the night sky – planets, stars, deep sky objects, seasons, tips; Star of Bethlehem
   C. What we are doing in space: ISS, Hubble (25 years), James Webb, other telescopes (plus
   huge ground telescopes); visiting Sun, Planets, Moon; civilian efforts; better science, weather,
   telecommunications, military, and even economics and medicine. Also, plainly, discovery!

VII. Solar System 2.0

VIII. Conclusion
   A. Joshua 10: Then Joshua spoke to the Lord in the day when the Lord delivered up the
   Amorites before the children of Israel, and he said in the sight of Israel: “Sun, stand still over
   Gibeon; and Moon, in the Valley of Aijalon.” So the sun stood still, and the moon stopped, till
   the people had revenge upon their enemies. Is this not written in the Book of Jasher? So the sun
   stood still in the midst of heaven, and did not hasten to go down for about a whole day. And
   there has been no day like that, before it or after it, that the Lord heeded the voice of a man; for
   the Lord fought for Israel.
   B. History vs. Science: Scientifically impossible, and here’s why. But what if He did do it?
   The miracle would be all the greater! Moreover, He had a purpose in doing it, and it was for
   the good of His people (like other miracles). God is both mighty and good – that’s why I love
   Him and His creation so much!

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